| Questions 1 - 3 refer to the following article. The history of French wine spans a period of at least 2600 years, dating to the founding of Massalia in the 6th century BC by the Phocaeans, with the possibility that viticulture existed much earlier. The Romans spread viticulture across the land, encouraging the planting of vines in some areas, which eventually became the well-known wine regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc, Loire Valley and the Rhone. The French wine industry was influenced and driven by the commercial interests of the advantageous English market and Dutch traders. Before the French Revolution, the Catholic Church was one of France's largest vineyard owners, wielding considerable influence in regions such as Champagne and Burgundy. Aided by these external and internal influences, the French wine industry has a world leader in wine production for most of its history and French wines have been considered the benchmark for those particular styles. The late 20th and early 21st centuries brought considerable changes, including a changing global market and competition from other European wine regions like Italy and Spain, as well as emerging New World wine producers like California, Australia and South America. 法國的葡萄酒歷史橫越了至少兩千六百年，年份可追朔至西元前六世紀Massalia的創辦及Phocaeans人當時葡萄的栽培技術出現的很早來推論。羅馬人推廣葡萄栽培技術遍及了陸地，鼓勵在某些地區栽種葡萄樹，像是有Bordeaux, Burgundy, Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc, Loire Valley 還有 the Rhone這些地方，漸漸的這些地方變成了著名的葡萄酒地區。 法國的葡萄酒工業被有利的英國市場及荷蘭貿易商的商業興趣所影響及推動。在法國革命之前，天主教教堂是法國葡萄莊園最大的擁有者，且在一些地區如Champagne及Burgundy有很大的影響力。在這些內部及外部的影響下，大部分歸因於他的歷史，法國的葡萄酒工業變成了世界葡萄酒的持有人，且法國葡萄酒 被認為是這個特殊風格的基準。在20世紀晚期及21世紀早期帶來了極大的改變-由其他歐洲葡萄酒地區如義大利、西班牙及一些新世界的葡萄酒製造者像是加州、澳洲及南美，帶來了世界市場的改變及一些競爭。 (解析) span (動詞) 持續; 涵蓋 ex. Her modeling career spanned 35 years. 她的模特兒生涯長達35年。 found (動詞) 創建; 建立 ex. This town was founded by French settlers. 這座城鎮是法國移民建立的。 possibility (名詞) 可能性 ex. There is no possibility that she will come to consciousness. 她將不可能恢復意識 viticulture (名詞) 葡萄栽培 spread (動詞) 展開; 擴散 ex. Lisa spread the cloth out on the table. 麗莎將布料攤平在桌上 commercial (形容詞) 貿易的; 商業的 advantageous (形容詞) 有利的; 有好處的 wield (動詞) 運用; 支配 ex. She wields power in the party. 她操縱黨內的權力 aid (名詞) 援助 internal (形容詞) 內部的 external (形容詞) 外部的 benchmark (名詞) 基準; 水準點 launch (動詞) 開始從事; 開始進行 to launch an attack 發動攻擊/ to launch an investigation 開始調查 competition (動詞) 競爭; 角逐 emerge (動詞) 出現; 露出 ex. New evidence finally emerged after ten years. 十年後新的證據終於出現了。 |
| Questions 4 - 7 refer to the following article. Saving Pandas If every person on Earth only ate one kind of food, what would happen if this kind of food disappeared? If it happened, all human beings would soon disappear too. Luckily, humans do not eat only one type of food, but pandas do. In the wild, the bamboo species pandas eat are almost extinct. Is there any way to save pandas? In order to find out how to save pandas, many American scientists went to China and studied the animal's habitat. The study took place in Sichuan Province and it was led by a New York Zoologist, Dr. Patrick Shumann. The scientists tried to find out whether pandas are able to change to other kinds of foods while two types of bamboo are dying out. The Chinese government also realized the seriousness of this situation and has taken some necessary steps to save the animals. Large areas of panda habitat have been set aside as wildlife reserves where pandas can live undisturbed. At the same time, Chinese scientists are making efforts on how to grow more bamboo plants and increase the number of pandas by raising them in zoos. 拯救貓熊 假如世界上的人都只能吃一種食物，那如果這種食物消失了，會發生什麼事呢？假如這件事真的發生的話，那所有的人類也會很快的消失殆盡。幸運的是，我們人類並不只吃一種食物。但是，不幸的是貓熊是如此。在野外，只吃竹子的貓熊已經瀕臨絕種了。但是，有任何的方式可以拯救他們嗎？為了找出如何拯救貓熊，美國的科學家前往中國並研究貓熊的棲息地。這項研究發生於四川省並且由紐約的動物學家Patrick Shumann博士來領導。這些科學家試圖找出當這兩種竹子逐漸滅絕之後，貓熊是否可以改變為食用其他食物。中國政府了解其情況的嚴重性並採取一些必要的步驟來拯救這些動物。貓熊棲息地的一大部分地區已被保存以保證貓熊在那裡生存能不受打擾。同時，中國科學家亦努力在找出如何種植更多的竹子並且找出如何增加在動物園養殖貓熊的數量。 (解析) disappear (動詞) 消失; 滅絕 ex. The plane disappeared after ten minutes. 飛機在十分鐘後就消失不見了。 bamboo (名詞) 竹子 species (名詞) 物種 extinct (形容詞) 滅絕的; 絕種的 ex. This kind of pigeon is extinct. 這種鴿子已經絕種了。 scientist (名詞) 科學家 habitat (名詞) 棲息地 ex. The panda's natural habitat is the bamboo forest. 熊貓的天然棲息地就是竹林。 take place(片語) 發生;出現 ex. When will the soccer game take place? 足球賽何時舉行? undisturbed (形容詞) 不受打擾的; 泰然自若的 ex. She resumed her studies, undisturbed by the noise outside. 她繼續念書，不受外頭噪音之干擾。 reserve (動詞) 保存，保留 (名詞) 保留區，禁獵區 increase(動詞) 增加 ex. The population has increased a lot. 人口增加了很多。 raise (動詞) 養育; 撫養 ex. They were both raised in the South. 她們倆都是在南方長大的。 |
| Questions 8 - 12 refer to the following article. When winter comes, certain regions of the world become extremely cold, and there is a lack of food supply. Since most animals cannot survive in such bad conditions, they either sleep through it or migrate to other places. It is very common to see bird migration. How do birds know when to migrate and where to migrate to? Their navigational skills are based on a variety of senses. Many birds use the sun as a compass. Using the sun for directions includes the need for making compensations based on the time. Their navigational sills have also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities, including the ability to detect magnetic fields or use visual landmarks cues. According to an American study, birds have a biological time clock to help with migration. One bird expert kept some birds in a planetarium where periods of false daylight were produced. The scientist also made the days shorter and shorter. Within only a few weeks, the birds tried their best to fly south. Navigating according to the North Star, the birds got the urge to migrate. However, when the North Star was taken away from the false sky, the birds couldn't find their way and flew in all different directions. Bird migration is the most familiar kind of migration but other animals migrate too. Every fall, monarch butterflies make a long migration across all of Canada and the United States. They start by flying solo, then join others in crowds, and finally gather in great numbers in the sky. Butterflies with thin wings can still make a long trip to places thousands of miles away but no one knows how they find their way back to the same places. They not only go to the same towns each winter, but sometimes they even land in the same trees. In the springtime, the butterflies leave the trees and return north again. Human activities have threatened many migratory bird species. The concentration of birds during migration can put species at risk. Some spectacular migrants have already gone extinct. Moreover, structures such as power lines, wind farms and offshore oil rigs have also been known to affect migratory birds. Therefore, several international treaties have been signed to protect migratory species from extinction. 當冬天來臨的時候，世界上某些地區的天氣變得嚴寒，且缺少食物。而大部分的動物無法在這樣寒冷的情況中存活，因此動物會選擇冬眠或是遷徙至其他地方。這樣的情況在鳥類遷徙是非常常見的。而鳥類是如何知道什麼時候該遷徙？又該遷徙到什麼地方呢？鳥類的領航技巧是需要多元的判斷能力。多數的鳥類使用陽光當成指南針。使用陽光當成引導包含需要藉由時間來當成補強。而領航能力也被認為是根據其他能力的結合，包含了偵測遷徙的地區及使用視覺的地標線索。根據美國研究顯示，鳥類有生理時鐘來幫助遷徙。一個鳥類專家將一些鳥放在天文館中，但是裡頭給予的日光照射時間是不一致的。科學家也將白天越來越縮短。而短短幾週的時間，這些鳥類盡其所能的想往南飛。受到北極星的引領，這些鳥類極力的想要遷徙，但是，當北極星從這個人工天空中移開時，這些鳥類便不能找到他們遷徙的路徑並各自飛向不同的方向。 鳥類遷徙是在所有遷徙方式中最為人熟悉的，但是其他動物也一樣會遷徙。每年秋天，斑蝶的遷徙旅程遍布加拿大及美國。開始的時候，斑蝶先獨自飛行，而後開始聚集成群，最後在天空中形成一大群。蝴蝶藉由它們的薄翅仍然可以飛行數千英里遠，但是沒人可以了解他們是怎麼飛行回原來的地方的。它們不只在冬天到達同一城市，甚正他們有時候會棲息在同樣的樹上。在春天時，蝴蝶會離開那些樹,並會再次的飛回北方。 人類的活動已經對很多遷徙的鳥類造成威脅。這些過於專注於遷徙的鳥類有時會讓它們陷入危險中。有一些壯觀的候鳥已經絕種了。此外，一些結構像是電力線、有風車的農場、近海的石油鑽塔等會影響遷徙的鳥類。因此，許多國際條約已經簽署來保護遷徙的物種免於絕種。 (解析) extreme (形容詞) 極致的; 極端的 ex. We are working under extreme pressure. 我們在極大的壓力下工作 lack (名詞) 缺乏 ex. The trip was cancelled due to the lack of funding. 由於缺乏經費的關係，這趟旅程取消了。 supply (名詞) 供應; 供給量 ex. The water supply is not enough in this area. 在這區域，水的供應量是不夠的。 migrate (動詞) 遷移; 移居 ex. Birds migrate south in winter. 鳥類在冬天遷移到南方。 navigation (名詞) 導航; 航行 ex. Navigational technology has been improved a lot since the last century. 從上個世紀開始，航海科技就已經精進不少。 variety (名詞) 不同種類; 各式各樣 ex. There is a wide variety of fruits to choose from. 有種類繁多的水果可供選擇。 compass (名詞)羅盤; 指南針 detect (動詞) 發現; 偵查 ex. It is difficult to detect the disease early. 要早期檢查出這種疾病是很困難的。 magnetic (形容詞) 有磁性的 visual (形容詞)視力的; 視覺的 ex. I have a good visual memory. 我過目不忘。 landmark (名詞) 地標; 路標 planetarium (名詞) 天文館; 天象館 threaten (動詞) 威脅; 恐嚇 ex. Gangsters broke the windows and threatened me. 這群流氓打破窗戶並威脅我。 concentration (名詞) 專心; 專注; 聚集;集中 ex. This article requires much concentration. 這文章需要全神貫注才能讀懂。 There is a high concentration of people in large cities. 人口會聚集在大城市裡。 spectacular (形容詞) 壯觀的; 令人驚嘆的 extinct (形容詞) 不再存在; 滅絕的 ex. The rare tree frog is on the verge of going extinct. 稀有的樹蛙在瀕臨絕種。 offshore (名詞) 海上的; 離岸的 an offshore island 近海的島嶼/ offshore drilling 近海鑽探 oil rigs (名詞) 鑽油井設備 treaty (名詞) 條款; 協定 |
| Questions 13 - 17 refer to the following article. On Happiness For thousands of years, philosophers, poets, and theologians have proposed different ideas about what constitutes happiness. More often, philosophers or religious thinkers define happiness in terms of living a good and satisfying life, rather than simply as an emotion. For example, Aristotle said "Happiness depends upon ourselves", just like the Dalai Lama defined happiness as nothing coming naturally but as something coming from your own actions. The Buddha also discussed the same concept of happiness, which was possessed by those speaking or acting with a pure thought. Similarly, Plato believed that what led to happiness depended on oneself, not upon others. In sum, they all believe that happiness is a result of our own actions. In 1943, Abraham Maslow, a psychologist, proposed a very different idea, insisting that after the needs for food, security, love and self-esteem were satisfied, a desire or feeling for self-fulfillment rose to the surface, which brought people complete satisfaction. From the view of Abraham Maslow, true happiness does not lie in the pure rewards of our actions, but in the inner part of a person who has overcome and achieved something. Later on, Martin Seligman, an American psychologist, studied happiness and divided happiness into three levels: enjoyment, engagement, and affiliation. People who are satisfied with relationships, hobbies, or interests are in the life of enjoyment, while people who are confident in what they are capable of doing are in the life of engagement. After building up a positive sense of well-being, belonging, and meaning inside through interacting with nature or society, people gain a permanent and enduring happiness, which is the life of affiliation. Permanent and enduring happiness is not superficial, such as being wealthy or beautiful. 談論快樂 數千年來，哲學家、詩人和宗教家對於組成快樂成分有不同的觀點。通常，哲學家和宗教的思想家將快樂定義為生活在一個好的且自我滿足的生活中，而不是單純地情緒表達而已。舉例來說，亞里斯多德說'快樂是依自我本身而定的'，就像達賴喇嘛不將快樂定義為自然產生的而是來自於個人本身的行為。 彿祖也探討相同的快樂概念，認為那些說話或是行為帶著純善之意的人才能擁有快樂。相同地，柏拉圖認為個人本身才是造成快樂的因素，而不是從他人獲得。總而言之，他們都相信快樂是個人自我行為的結果。 在1943年，亞伯拉罕·馬斯洛，一位人類心理學家，提出了一個非常不同的想法，他強調在滿足了基本的食物、安全感、愛與自尊之後，一種渴望去完成自我實現和滿足自我成就的感覺就油然而生，帶給人們完完全全的滿足。從亞伯拉罕·馬斯洛的觀點看來，真正的快樂不需要仰賴個人行為所帶來的獎賞，而是當個人達成或是達到某事之後，從內在所產生出來的。不久之後，馬丁·斯里格曼，一位美國的心理學家，研究快樂也將快樂分成三個層次: 享受的生活、參與的生活和親密隸屬的生活。滿足於關係、嗜好或是興趣的人是在享受生活的層次，而當人們對於自己有能力完成某事而感到有自信時，則是在參與生活的層次。透過和自然或是社會的互動，在建立對於快樂、隸屬和意義之正面的觀感後，人們得到一種持久且永恆的快樂，這就是達到親密隸屬的層次。永恆且持久的快樂不是表面或是世俗的，像是外在的富有或是美麗。 (解析) constitute (動詞) 組成; 構成 ex. Female workers constitute the majority of the staff of this company. 女性勞工占了這公司員工的多數 satisfying (形容詞) 令人滿意的 depend on (片語) 視...而定 ex. Whether we will go on a picnic depends on the weather. 我們是否去野餐要視天氣狀況而定 concept (名詞) 概念 lead to (片語) 造成; 導致 ex. Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems. 食用過多的糖會引起健康問題 psychologist (名詞) 心理學家 security (名詞) 安全 self-esteem (名詞) 自尊 well-being (名詞) 快樂; 康樂 belonging (名詞) 歸屬 permanent (形容詞) 永久的 enduring (形容詞) 持續的 affiliation (名詞) 親密隸屬 superficial (形容詞) 膚淺的; 表面的 depressed (形容詞) 心情沮喪的 generalize (動詞) 歸納; 概括地談論 ex. It is not good to generalize about the poor. 對於窮人一概而論是不好的 transient (形容詞) 瞬間的 |
McMathew Ltd. 401 E. Park Ave. Columbus, OH 45031 TEL: (502) 235-4677 FAX: (502) 235-4688 Mr. Mike Stone StarPower Furniture PO BOX 336 Frisbie, NY 02177 Dear Mr. Stone, Thank you for sending me a copy of your latest furniture catalogue. I was amazed at the variety of the furniture provided by your company. Your company offers the largest selection of Modern Classic and Contemporary products. Among all the furniture, your desks and chairs are excellent! However, it was the SPower filing cabinet that really caught my attention. According to the catalogue, the cabinet is available in small, regular, and extra-large sizes. I am interested in purchasing approximately 10 of the extra-large SPower filing cabinets. Please send me information on your available stock. I would like to receive the information by fax. I look forward to doing business with you. Sincerely yours, Cindy Lopez Assistant Manager McMathew股份有限公司 西公園大道401號 45031 俄亥俄州哥倫比亞 電話: (502) 235-4677 傳真: (502)235-4688 Mike Stone 先生 StarPower 傢俱 PO BOX 336 02177 紐約州富李斯比 親愛的Stone 先生， 感謝您寄給我最新一期的傢俱型錄。我非常驚訝貴公司提供如此多元的傢具選擇。貴公司提供在現代古典及當代的產品中最大的選擇。在所有家具產品中，貴公司的桌椅竟是如此優良！然而，尤其是SPower檔案櫃真正吸引了我的目光。根據型錄，檔案櫃分為小、普通級特大的尺吋可供選擇。我有興趣想購買大約10個特大尺寸的SPower檔案櫃。請您寄給我有關目前此款檔案櫃的庫存狀況。我想以傳真的方式來接收此一資訊。期待與貴公司這次工作上的合作。 Cindy Lopez 公司負責人助理 謹上 (解析) furniture (名詞) 傢俱/ 為不可數名詞 ex. a piece of furniture 一件家具 catalogue (名詞) 目錄; 目錄冊 amazed (形容詞) 驚奇的 ex. He was amazed at what he saw. 他對於他所見到的驚訝不已 variety (名詞) 多樣化; 各式各樣 ex. She has a variety of interests. 她有各式各樣的興趣 selection (名詞) 選擇; 挑選 ex. A selection of readers' comments has been published. 部分讀者的意見已經被刊登了。 filing cabinet (名詞) 文件櫃 attention (名詞) 注意 ex. He turned his attention back to the lady again. 他把注意力轉回到那位女士身上 available (形容詞) 可獲得的; 有空的 ex. Further information is available on the Internet. 詳細資料可於網路上取得 purchase (動詞) 購買; 採購 ex. They purchased the building for one million dollars. 他們以100萬元買下了這棟大樓。 approximately (副詞) 大概; 大約 ex. This trip took approximately six hours. 這旅程大約花了六個小時。 stock (名詞) 現貨; 存貨 ex. The stock is running low. 存貨快要沒有了。 |
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