2019年1月9日 星期三

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
//宣告變數
int ShapeOption=0; //使用者選擇形狀的變數
char want_to_continue = 'y'; //使用者選擇是否繼續的字元
int i=1; //使用者使用該程序次數之變數

//修正(前)
char new_line = 'y';

//執行程式(變數指定;比較變數是否符合前面的指定;次數累加)2符合則回圈,否則跳脫//[i++]=[i+1]
for (want_to_continue = 'y';want_to_continue == 'y';i++) {

//顯示使用者重複的次數
printf("這是第 %d 次執行\n",i);
//引導使用者輸入
printf("按1畫矩形,否則畫三角形:");
//使用者輸入
scanf_s("%d",&ShapeOption);

//如果使用者按1
if (ShapeOption==1) {
//畫矩形
printf("+----+\n");
printf("|    |\n");
printf("+----+\n");
}
//否則
else {
//畫三角形
printf("   /\\   \n");
printf("  /  \\  \n");
printf(" +----+   \n");
}

//修正(後)
scanf("%c",&new_line);

//引導使用者輸入
printf("是否要繼續,若要繼續案y,結束案n.:");
//使用者輸入
scanf("%c",&want_to_continue);
}

return 0;
}
******************************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
//宣告變數
int ShapeOption=0; //使用者選擇形狀的變數
char want_to_continue = 'y';

//修正(前)
char new_line = 'y';

//執行程式
do {

//引導使用者輸入
printf("按1畫矩形,否則畫三角形:");
//使用者輸入
scanf_s("%d",&ShapeOption);

//如果使用者按1
if (ShapeOption==1) {
//畫矩形
printf("+----+\n");
printf("|    |\n");
printf("+----+\n");
}
//否則
else {
//畫三角形
printf("   /\\   \n");
printf("  /  \\  \n");
printf(" +----+   \n");
}

//修正(後)
scanf("%c",&new_line);

//引導使用者輸入
printf("是否要繼續,若要繼續案y,結束案n.:");
//使用者輸入
scanf("%c",&want_to_continue);
}

//如果使用者按y繼續(while存在),否則結束
while (want_to_continue == 'y');
return 0;
}
******************************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
//宣告變數
int ShapeOption=0; //使用者選擇形狀的變數
char want_to_continue = 'y';

//修正前
char new_line = 'y';

while (want_to_continue == 'y') {

//引導使用者輸入
printf("按1畫矩形,否則畫三角形:");
//使用者輸入
scanf_s("%d",&ShapeOption);

//使用者按1
if (ShapeOption==1) {
//畫矩形
printf("+----+\n");
printf("|    |\n");
printf("+----+\n");
}
//使用者按2
else {
//畫三角形
printf("   /\\   \n");
printf("  /  \\  \n");
printf(" +----+   \n");
}

//修正後
scanf("%c",&new_line);

//引導使用者輸入
printf("是否要繼續,若要繼續案y,結束案n.:");
//使用者輸入
scanf("%c",&want_to_continue);
}
return 0;
}
******************************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
char new_line;
//宣告變數
int ShapeOption; //使用者選擇形狀的變數
int rectangle_option; //使用者選擇矩形的大小
int triangle_option;//使用者選擇三角形的大小

//引導使用者輸入
printf("按1畫矩形,按2畫三角形:");
//使用者輸入
scanf("%d",&ShapeOption);

//使用者按1
if(ShapeOption==1) {

//引導使用者輸入
printf("按1畫小矩形,按2中畫矩形,按3大畫矩形:");
//使用者輸入
scanf_s("%d",&rectangle_option);

if(rectangle_option==1) {
//畫小矩形
printf("+----+\n");
printf("|    |\n");
printf("+----+\n");
}

else if (rectangle_option==2) {
//畫中矩形
printf("+------+\n");
printf("|      |\n");
printf("|      |\n");
printf("+------+\n");
}

else if (rectangle_option==3) {
//畫大矩形
printf("+--------+\n");
printf("|        |\n");
printf("|        |\n");
printf("|        |\n");
printf("+--------+\n");
}
}

//使用者按2
else if (ShapeOption==2) {

//引導使用者輸入
printf("按1畫小三角形,按2中畫三角形,按3大畫三角形:");
//使用者輸入
scanf_s("%d",&triangle_option);

if(triangle_option==1) {
//畫小三角形
printf("   /\\   \n");
printf("  /  \\  \n");
printf(" +----+   \n");
}

else if (triangle_option==2) {
//畫中三角形
printf("   /\\   \n");
printf("  /  \\  \n");
printf(" /    \\  \n");
printf("+------+   \n");
}

else if (triangle_option==3) {
//畫大三角形
printf("    /\\   \n");
printf("   /  \\  \n");
printf("  /    \\  \n");
printf(" /      \\  \n");
printf("+--------+   \n");
}
}

scanf("%c",&new_line);
return 0;
}
******************************/
task main (){
 SetSensorLight (IN_1);
 SetSensorTouch (IN_2);

 int continue_criterion = 1;
 while (continue_criterion == 1) {
  NumOut(0,LCD_LINE1,Sensor(IN_1));
  NumOut(0,LCD_LINE2,Sensor(IN_2));
  Wait (200);
  if (Sensor(IN_1)>30){
   OnFwd(OUT_AC,75);
  }
  else if (Sensor(IN_1)>30 && Sensor(IN_2)==1) {
   OnFwd(OUT_A,75);
   OnRev(OUT_C,75);
  }
 }
}
*********************************************************************************/
task main(){
 //宣告變數
 int switch_no;

 //開啟感測器
 SetSensorLight(IN_1);
 SetSensorTouch(IN_2);
 NumOut(0, LCD_LINE1, Sensor(IN_1));
 NumOut(0, LCD_LINE2, Sensor(IN_2));
 Wait(1000);

 if(Sensor(IN_1)>30){                             //狀況1桌面淺色:直走
  switch_no=1;
 }

 else if(Sensor(IN_1)<30 && Sensor(IN_2)==1){     //狀況2桌面深色且碰到東西:原地旋轉
  switch_no=2;
 }
 //執行內容
 switch(switch_no){
  case 1:
        {
         OnFwd(OUT_AC,75);
         Wait(2000);
        }
        break;
  case 2:
        {
         OnFwd(OUT_A,75);
         OnRev(OUT_C,75);
         Wait(2000);
        }
        break;
 }
}

2019年1月8日 星期二


UNIT 4
LAURA DEKKER: RECORD-SETTER!
all athletes aspire to be the best in their sport, and young athletes are no different. more young athletes now aim to win competitions, set records, or perform amazing feats. and some, like dutch sailor laura dekker, achieve that goal.
as a child, laura dekker loved the sea. she wasborn on a boat in new zealand,and has hardly stepped off one since. laura first sailed by herself at age six, displaying a talent for understanding her boat and the confidence to control it. at 13 years old, laura felt ready for the biggest challenge of all: she wanted to set the record for the youngest person ever to sail around the world alone.
before she could do that, she had to face many challenges. while her parents were confident that she could do it, the dutch goverment tried to stop her, arguing that she was too young to risk her life. many people also felt that she should be focusing on her studies. after a long battle, she finally got permission. she had to go for classes to learn how to care for herself while alone at sea, and had to use a bigger boat than she was used to. to avoid falling behind in her studing, she had to sing up with a special distance-learning school and promise to do her homework at sea.
finally, at the age of 15, laura was ready. on january 20, 2011, she set out form the island of st.maarten in the caribbean on her 38-foot (11.5-meter) sailboat, guppy. her trip lasted 500days in total, partly because she had to stop at different ports to study and check her boat. during this time, she visited exotic islands like the galápagos, bora bora, and vanuatu, and also found time to go surfing, scuba iff diving. she even discovered a new hobby: playing the flute! laura was alone for most of her journey, but she kept a blog that was read by many people around the world.
layra returned to st.maarten at the age of 16 years and 123 days, and was greeted by her family, friends, and many fans. she had become the youngest sailor to circle the globe alone. however, guinness world records and the world sailing speed record council did not verify her claim, saying they no longer recognize records for youngest sailors because it could encourage other young people to do dangerous things. despite this, laura felt a sense of achievement. she said that spending so much time alone on her trip helped her to focus on the important things in her life. "i became good friends with my boat," laura said. "i learned a lot about myself."
THE UNBEATABLE YANI TSENG
yani tseng is one of the brightest stars of the golfing world, not to mention a superstar in taiwan, where she grew up. by the age of 22, she had achieved things most golfers can only dream of. she had been named lpga player of the year twice, and was the youngest professional golfer-male or female-to win five major tournaments.
yani started playing golf when she was very young, thanksto her enthusiastic parents who are both golfers. her father gave her a set of golf clubs when she was only five years old. at 13 years old, she told him she wanted to take up golf as an occupation. just one year later, yani won the callaway junior world golf championships and went on to become the top amateur player in taiwan. she finally started playing in professional tournaments when she was 18 years old, and then her career really took off.
brittany lang, who came second to yani at the women's british open in 2011, calls her "unbelievable". she says yani is "so mentally strong and she's so aggressive and confident. she's just got it all. it's pretty cool to watch."
but yani was not always so confident, especially off the golf course. when she first left her home to start playing in international tournaments, she didn't speak english very well. she struggled to communicate with other golfers and had to use an interpreter for interviews. because she was shy about her english, yani had a reputation as a very  quiet person. yani's coach, gary gilchrist, says that studying english has helped yani chang this. "she worked so hard to improve her english," said gilchrist. "now her confidence is a 9 on a scale of 10."
today, yani is well known for her big smile and sense of humor. she loves to chat and joke with reporters, fans, and other golfers. once, before a tournament near her home in florida, yani invited a number of golfers and golf reporters to her place for a dinner party. halfway through the party, she decided to dress up as harry potter, and even gave a speech wearing her black coat and round spectacles.
as a teenager, yani looked up to abult golfers like annika sorenstam and saw them as her role models. today, she herself hopes to inspire young girls to take up golf, the same way sorenstam influenced a whole generation of women golfers. yani is also an inspiration to people trying to pick upenglish. her advice to english learners: "keep talking. i'm not afraid to be talking to other people, no matter what i say. i'm learning from the way [i talk] to you, and the vocabulary, i use it for the next time [i talk]."

UNIT 5
YOU ARE AMAZING: YOU ARE HUMAN!
did you know that your small intestine is nearly six meters long? or that there are about 60 muscles in your face, and you use 40 of them to frown but only 20 to smile? how about the fact that our bodies consist of 73 percent water, and that our hearts beat over 100,000 times each day? you really are amazing!
the human body is a complex machin. from the day we are born, our bodies grow and change in response to our environment, diet, and habits. the body has many different organ systems and parts that work together to allow us to breathe, move, see, talk, and digest food all at the same time. most of the time we are unaware of what is happening in our bodies; usually it is only when we get sick or feel pain that we notice.
many people do not take care of their complex machines. bad habits like smoking, drinking too much alcohol, and eating junk food damage our bodies. stress can also cause health problems. people who worry a lot or have busy jobs often don't get enough sleep, or don't eat properly. we can also damage our bodies when we play sports or get into accidents. studies done by the australian government show that most people get hurt because of an accidental slip or fall, or because of injuries from car accidents. it's true that a lot of people go to hospital because of serious illnesses, but far more people end up there because they simply weren't being careful.
like machines, different body parts sometimes wear down from old age. people over the age of 65 are more likely to fall and hurt themselves, and these injuries—from bad cuts to broken bones—usually require serious medical attention. due to the increase in the population of elderly people, gerontology is now one of the fastest-growing areas of medicine. there are many treatments available to help older people recover from illness and injury. it is now common for older people with damaged joints, for example, to have surgery to replace the old joint with a new one made of plastic or metal. instead of suffering aches and pains through their retirement days, older people are able to lead happier and more comfortable lives.
as with any machine, the better you take care of it, the longer it will last. the best way to take care of your amazing machine is to eat the right foods, do regular exercise, and get enough sleep. oh, and don't forget to smile!

UNIT 6
SCRAPBOOKING
the dictionary defines a scrapbook as "an empty book for collecting and preserving photographs, newspaper articles, and other papers." today, scrapbooking is also a verb—and a popular new hobby. we talked with diane lucas, who runs a scrapbooking club.
what is scrapbooking exactly?
when i make a scrapbook page, i take a few of my family photos and put them into a "layout", which is a page that uses fancy paper, stickers, drawings, and words to show the theme. for example, i'm working on a page about my son called "first day at school," so there's a photo of him and one of his drawings, and i decorated it with alphabet stickers. i use lots of things on my pages—ribbons, stickers, beads, and much more. when you make a scrapbook, you put words and pictures together to show the important times in your life. it's like a personal history.
how did you get started?
when i was a child, i always saved bits of paper. things like movie tickets, vacation postcards,and even paper napkins. i loved looking at them and remembering. i made my first scrapbook ten years age when my father died. when i looked through his desk, i found the most wonderful things—like my parent's anniversary cards and photos from his army days. i couldn't throw away anything, so i made two scrapbook, one for my brother and one for me.
how do you learn about new scrapbooking techniques and trends?
the internet is a great resource for new ideas. many new "scrappers"—people who make scrapbooks—work from their computers, using digital photos and special software. but my favorite place to get new ideas is at scrapbooking trade shows. these shows feature new materials and techniques, offer workshops, and are a great way to meet people with the same interests.
why is scrapbooking so popular these days?
i think people want to preserve their family history and display it for other people to see. when you make a scrapbook, you can pass the stories on to your children and your grandchildren. so many people today want to do that! in the u.s. alone, there are 2,500 lss's (sorry; that's local scrapbooking stores!) that sell paper and other supplies for scrapbooking. if you go online, you'll find scrapbooking websites from norway, new zealand, and south africa. it's universal. we all have boxes of pictures and we all want to keep those precious memories. that's the real meaning of scrapbooking: sharing your family experiences and your story.

2019年1月7日 星期一

三武一宗http://blog.udn.com/acewang3005/10212932
北魏太武帝、北周武帝、唐武宗和後周世宗等四位帝王所帶來的四次大禍害。當時,無數的寺院、經書、佛像、法器等被焚燬、破壞,數以千萬的僧侶遭到殺戮,或被迫還俗。這一次次的打擊,使得佛教的發展遭到嚴重的扼殺,甚至面臨生死存亡的關頭。



北魏太武帝滅佛
北魏太武帝的滅佛,起因於武帝聽信道士寇謙之及宰相崔浩的讒言所致。
鮮卑族拓跋氏建立北魏,入主中原後,道武帝、明元帝都信奉佛教,並興建不少寺院。太武帝即位之初也信奉佛法,禮敬沙門。北魏滅北涼後,還帶回許多沙門到京師,當時對北魏佛教產生重大影響的沙門玄高、師賢、曇曜等人都是來自涼州。
北魏為了統一北方,鞏固在中原的地位,以全民為兵。那時,由於沙門歷來可以免除租稅、徭役,所以銳志武功的太武帝就在太延四年(四三八)下詔,凡是五十歲以下的沙門一律還俗服兵役。他還聽信宰相崔浩的讒言勸諫,改信寇謙之的天師道,排斥佛教,並漸次發展為滅佛的行動。
崔浩出身於著名世族,博覽經史,善於陰陽五行及術數之學,歷仕道武帝、明元帝、太武帝三帝,官至司徒,經常參與軍政機要,深受太武帝的信任結識寇 謙之之後,信奉道教,受其法術。寇謙之早年就熱中仙道,修持漢末張陵、張衡、張魯創立傳承的五斗米道,隨方士入華山、嵩山學道修煉,自詡曾有太上老君授他 天師之位及《云中音誦新科之誡》二十捲。在明元帝末年,寇謙之從嵩山入平城,結交崔浩,常通霄達旦聽崔浩談論古代治亂史,為之嘆美。後來,寇謙之把儒家學 說和佛教經律論及齋戒祭祀儀式吸收到道教中來,重新改造五斗米道,期使北魏帝王容易接納。
太武帝始光初年,寇謙之獻上道書,但當時朝野信奉者很少,崔浩於是上書勸諫太武帝,使太武帝因而信奉道教,並派人奉玉帛牲畜去祭嵩山。太武帝又在平城東南建立天師道場,自稱太平真君,並親受符籙,興建靜輪天宮,奉祀太平真君,改年號為太平真君,成了十足的道教徒。
太武帝的廢佛行動,始自太平真君五年(444年)的彈壓沙門,他下令上自王公,下至庶人,一概禁止供養沙門,並限期交出藏匿的沙門,若有隱瞞,滿門 抄斬。翌年,盧水的胡人蓋吳在杏城(陝西黃陵)起義,有眾十餘萬人。七年,太武帝親自率兵前去鎮壓,到達長安時,在一所寺院發現兵器,懷疑沙門與蓋吳通 謀,大為震怒,下令誅殺全寺僧眾。崔浩趁機勸帝滅佛,於是太武帝進一步推行苛虐的廢佛政策:誅戮長安的沙門,焚燬天下一切經像。一時之間,舉國上下,風聲 鶴唳。
當時太子拓跋晃監國秉政,一向篤信佛法,再三上表,向太武帝勸阻,雖然都不被採納,但也由於如此,廢佛的詔書得以緩宣,而使遠近的沙門聞訊逃匿獲 免,佛像、經論亦多得密藏;然而魏國境內的寺院塔廟卻無一倖免於難,史稱太武法難。廢佛後不久,寇謙之病死,崔浩後來也因撰《魏史》,書中蔑視胡族而遭腰斬,其族人被誅者百餘人。廢佛後六年,太武帝駕崩,文成帝即位,下詔復興佛教,佛教才又逐漸恢復發展。

北周武帝滅佛
第二次的廢佛事件發生在北周武帝之時距北魏太武帝的廢佛,約有一百一十餘年。武帝宇文邕,繼明帝之後即位,後改元保定。北周繼西魏之後,統領關隴 地區,這一帶從晉代以來佛教盛行,其中長安曾有鳩摩羅什的僧團在此長期譯經傳教,影響很大。當時,全國的僧尼有兩百多萬人,佛寺有三萬多所。北朝的歷代帝 王,不少都篤信佛教,北周武帝即位之初,也依照先朝往例,禮敬沙門但由於他勵精圖治,一心想用儒術平治天下,因此最重儒術。他在親政前,曾多次召集臣 僚、沙門、道士討論釋、道、儒三教的問題。當時,他對佛教並沒有特別憎惡排斥的觀感。顯然的,他後來的廢佛政策,主要是受到衛元嵩和道士張賓的影響。
衛元嵩是四川成都人,精通陰陽曆算,性情譎詐。年少時隨益州野安寺亡名禪師為沙彌,不耐清苦,佯裝狂放,以吟詩詠賦來博取聲名,並四處向人預卜未 來。後來還俗,從四川到長安,結交北周權貴。天和二年(五六七),他向武帝上奏:寺塔佛像對國家治安無益,應該刪減。徹底改革佛教,將佛教納入國法的規範中。以經濟措施改革佛教界貪婪腐敗的風氣。《廣弘明集》卷七記載,衛元嵩的奏文共列有十五條:勸行大乘、勸念貧窮、勸舍慳貪、勸人發露、勸益國民、勸獠為民、勸人和合、勸恩愛會、勸立市利、勸行敬奉、勸寺無軍人、勸立無貪三藏、勸少立三藏、勸僧訓僧、勸敬大乘戒。
衛元嵩著有《佛道二論》,論辯大小乘;又著有《齊三教論》七卷,闡揚會通三教的思想。認為當時佛道二教崇尚空論,違背大慈為本、安樂眾生的立教宗旨主張應該用古代聖王的治道來矯正這些弊病。他的論點,剛好契合武帝的心意,因此受到重用。
又據《廣弘明集》卷八記載,當時民間普遍流傳著一句讖語,說「黑衣當得天下」。深信讖緯之學的武帝,對此預言非常忌諱,衛元嵩和道士張賓就乘機譭謗 佛教,指沙門身穿黑衣,必為國禁,道士穿黃衣,必為國祥。武帝聽信他的話,漸漸重道輕佛。天和四年,先後四次召集佛、道、儒三教學者,論議教義的高低。武 帝的本意,想以儒教為先,佛教為後,道教最上,但因幾次聚眾議論,三教各執一詞,因此懸而不決。後來甄鸞上《笑道論》,道安上《二教論》等書,極力為佛教 辯護,破斥道教。武帝對於佛道二教互相攻擊,極感不快,敕令暫時擱置二教優劣的議論。建德二年(五七三)十二月,又召集群臣、道士、沙門等,辯論三教先後,結果以儒教為先,道教次之,佛教最後。如此一來,引起佛教界的激烈反應,先後有猛法師、道積等人的抗旨直諫。建德三年,武帝已決心毀佛,召集僧道二眾在太極殿辯論,張賓極力斥佛揚道,卻被智炫法師論破,武帝乃親自升座,試圖加以論難,不料智炫法師應對安詳,陳義甚高,武帝在盛怒之下離開太極殿。次日, 下詔廢佛、道二教,破毀寺塔,焚燒經像,勒令沙門、道士還俗。當時,被迫還俗的沙門有二萬多人,關隴一帶的佛法被破壞殆盡。
建德六年,北周滅了北齊,武帝又對北齊之地實行排佛政策,焚燬一切經像,廢四萬所寺廟,被迫還俗的僧尼達三百餘萬。北方佛教一時之間銷聲匿跡,史稱周武法難。次年,武帝罹患劇瘡而亡。宣帝、靜帝相繼即位,佛教才又漸漸恢復。
在周武帝廢佛以後,部份僧侶混跡民間,或逃匿山林,另有部份僧人則南渡陳朝,因此促進南北朝佛教的交流。

唐武宗滅佛
唐代佛教雖是中國佛教史上的黃金時代,然而,唐代各朝帝王對佛道二教的態度頗為不同,有的揚佛抑道,有的佛道並奉,也有不少位帝王崇道而抑佛。唐高祖奉道教始祖李耳為祖先太宗曾下詔置道教於佛教之上武后則改佛教在道教之上玄宗曾採納姚崇的奏章,令僧尼還俗,他雖然尊崇道教,但仍一度敕令註釋 《金剛經》流傳天下憲宗時,韓愈諫阻迎佛骨,寫《論佛骨表》、《原道》等排斥佛教在穆宗、敬宗、文宗之世,都還依歷朝慣例,在宮中設齋行道,但敬宗本人篤信道教文宗時已有毀佛之議,而且曾經禁止度僧及營建寺院到了武宗,更是全面性地崇信道教,貶斥佛教。
另一方面,雖然歷經幾位帝王的崇道抑佛,但佛教在民間的力量反而越加熾盛,僧尼的人數越來越多,寺院也越建越廣。寺院往往領有廣大的莊園,並可免除徭役;而僧尼、寺院激增的結果,不免增加國庫的負擔。當時不少士大夫基於儒家治術的觀點,認為佛教的蓬勃發展將危害國家的經濟,因而大加抨擊。唐武宗時, 排佛的呼聲越演越烈,這使得本已篤信道教的武宗更加決心毀佛。這時,道士趙歸真與宰相李德裕推波助瀾,趁機煽動,佛教因而面臨一場「三武一宗」法難中最大 的破佛事件。
會昌元年(八四一)元月四日國忌日,敕令行香,設千僧齋;但六月十一日的武宗誕辰之日在大內設齋時,敕令兩街供養大德及道士四對論議,其中有兩位道士被賜紫衣,卻禁止釋門大德披著紫衣。武宗在即位之前就喜好道術修攝之事,曾經召請趙歸真等八十一人入宮,在三殿修金籙道場,並親受法籙。會昌元年的六月 中,又召衡山道士劉玄靖入內,與趙歸真同修法籙。
會昌二年三月,因李德裕上奏,武宗敕令遣散未曾登錄在僧籍名冊的僧尼,又不許置童子沙彌,這時已略見毀佛的跡象。六月十一日,敕令僧道二眾在殿前論議,道士二人賜紫衣,僧門仍不得披著紫衣。
會昌三年二月,敕令已經還俗的僧尼不得再行入寺;至於沒有登錄名籍的僧尼,不僅嚴禁住在寺中,且不許住在京城或進入鎮內同年九月,下令各級地方政府嚴密注意附近寺院的住僧,縱使是登錄有案的,如果無法詳細說明出身來歷,應予逮捕,送到官府盤問。
武宗廢佛的政策,是採取漸進方式的,從史料看,其法令之嚴酷,與日俱增。會昌四年三月,下令不許供養佛牙、佛骨,如果違反法令,送一錢供養者,即杖打二十下,一時之間,寺院的四處,人跡斷絕。而在宮中的內道場,歷來往例均安置佛教經像,武宗卻下令焚燒經教,拆毀佛像,在道場內安置天尊老君之像。六月,在武宗誕辰日,首度不召僧入內議論。又不許僧尼在街裡行走,如有外出,需在鐘聲未響前歸寺;也不許別住他寺,違者敕罪。由於武宗深信趙歸真,趙乘隙進言,認為佛教並非中國本有的宗教,蠹害生靈,應該盡除。於是,是年七、八月開始,發動空前的法難,敕令拆毀天下山房、招提、蘭若、普通佛堂、義井、村邑齋 堂等,凡是寮房未滿兩百間,或沒有獲頒寺額的道場,則勒令僧尼還俗。
會昌五年三月,武宗敕令天下諸寺不許置莊園,並隨時檢查寺舍的財產。四月,敕令僧尼還俗,如有抗命不從的,以違抗聖旨論罪,當場決殺。八月下詔,大舉毀寺,總計會昌年間,拆毀佛寺四千六百餘所,招提、蘭若等四萬餘所,被迫還俗的僧尼有二十六萬餘人,沒收良田數千萬頃,又將佛像、鐘磬等法器改鑄為錢幣、農具等物,乃至私家所藏金銀等像亦敕令限時送官。此一空前浩劫,歷史上稱為會昌法難。晚唐以後諸宗的衰頹不振,與這次毀佛有密切的關係。次年,武帝服用道士金丹,中毒身亡,宣宗即位,誅殺趙歸真等人,並大力復興佛教。

周世宗滅佛
第四次法難發生於後周世宗顯德二年(九五五)。世宗為了貫徹以儒教為主的統治政策,以佛教寺院僧尼乃構成國家財政上的負荷為理由,下詔禁止私自出家;訂立嚴苛的出家條件,並規定必須在國家公認的戒壇受戒,否則無效;不許創建寺院或蘭若,違反的僧尼,課以嚴刑;未受敕額的寺院,一律廢毀;民間的佛像、銅器,限五十日內交由官司鑄錢,如果私藏五斤以上的,一律處死。總計,廢毀寺院三萬三百三十六所,大量的佛像及鐘、磬等法器被鑄成通錢,世稱一宗法難。相傳世宗下詔毀壞佛像時,鎮州有一尊銅製觀世音菩薩極為靈驗,因此無人敢去毀損。世宗乃親自前往該寺,用斧頭砍毀菩薩胸部。顯德六年,世宗在北征途中,胸部突發癰疽而身亡。

唐朝後期唐武宗會昌滅佛,是中國佛教的由盛而衰的分水嶺。由於唐武宗崇道滅佛,毀寺減僧,銷毀經卷,使佛教受到毀滅性打擊,使原來唐朝鼎盛的宗派唯 識宗、華嚴宗、天台宗幾乎滅盡。後來到了宋朝,天台宗和華嚴宗才從朝鮮和日本重新迎回論集,開始有點恢復,而唯識宗則一直衰落下去。














所謂“四大”,是指結合物體的四種元素:地、水、火、風。地以堅硬為性,水以潮濕為性,火以溫暖為性,風以流動為性。宇宙世間的山河大地、房屋器皿、花草樹木等森羅萬象,無一不是仰賴這四種元素組合而成,乃至我人的色身,也是四大假合而成。人體的毛、髮、爪、齒、皮、骨、筋、肉是堅硬性的地大;涕、唾、膿、血、痰、淚、津、便是潮濕性的水大;溫度、暖氣是溫暖性的火大;一呼、一吸是流動性的風大。人所以能生存,就是因為四大和合,若是四大不調,就會呈現病相,甚至四大分散,人就會死亡。
四大假合的色身,是一種物質的現象,而人之所以稱為“有情眾生”,除了具有物理機能外,還有憂、悲、苦、惱、喜、怒、哀、樂等精神狀態。人是由物質和精神聚集的和合體,所謂物質,就是父母所生的四大假合之身,佛法名之曰“色”;所謂精神,就是佛法所說的受、想、行、識。色、受、想、行、識五者,是構成我人身心的五個條件,稱為“五蘊”;五蘊就是“我”的代名詞。
五蘊又稱五陰。《大乘廣五蘊論》說:“蘊者,積聚義。”《摩訶止觀》卷五說:“陰者,陰蓋善法。”意指眾生是由色、受、想、行、識等五法“積聚”而成;此五法能蓋覆、遮蔽眾生本來的真如佛性,因而起“惑”造“業”,受無量劫生死輪回之“苦”。因此,五蘊也可解釋為五蘊魔、五陰魔。
五蘊是佛法對於有情生命個體的分析,五蘊是因緣所生,而非實有。《維摩經》說:“四大合故,假名為身;四大無主,身亦無我。”色,從四大和合而有;受、想、行、識,由妄想分別而生,究竟皆無實體。佛陀為了明示五蘊虛幻不實,曾舉五喻說明,所謂“色如聚沫、受如水泡、想如陽焰、行如芭蕉、識如幻事”,以此曉諭眾生:五陰之我,不過是五法積聚,暫時的和合,唯有假名,沒有實體。“五蘊非有”,實乃佛教“無我觀”最具體的詮釋。
然而,凡夫眾生無明,往往執著五蘊假合之相為“我”,有“我”就會與“人”爭執,我是他非,由此而造業,引生煩惱痛苦。因此《大智度論》說:『我』是一切諸煩惱根本,先著五眾為我,然後著外物為我所。《原人論》也說:“身心假合,似一似常,凡愚不覺,執之為我。寶此我故,即起貪、瞋、癡等三毒。三毒系意,發動身口,造一切業。”
佛陀為了破除凡夫“執我為有”的愚迷,故說“四大本空,五蘊非有”的真理,希望眾生都能“照見五蘊皆空”,獲得般若空慧。般若為三世諸佛之母,般若根源於空,經過了空的體證,般若才能顯現,從而證得正覺。所以,由“無我”而進入“空”,是修行到達解脫所必經的路徑。
哲學家曾說:“人之大患,在吾有身。”我人的身體實乃眾苦積聚而成,心理上有貪、瞋、癡煩惱的痛苦,身體上有老、病、死的痛苦,家庭裏有愁衣愁食及恩愛別離的痛苦,社會上有是非鬥爭,怨憎相會的痛苦,世間上有風、水、火、震、兵災等痛苦。苦,緊緊的跟隨我們,糾纏我們,學佛應該要先認識“苦”;知“苦”,才知道求“解脫”。要知苦,先要能正確認識五蘊緣生之法皆是無常,以無常故有苦,為解脫苦故,須知無我。能夠觀此五蘊身心皆是緣生無性,當體即空,才能無我;無我即能遠離顛倒執著,無我才能解脫。
《八大人覺經》說:“四大苦空,五陰無我;生滅變異,虛偽無主;心是惡源,形為罪藪;如是觀察,漸離生死。”這正是佛陀宣說“五蘊非有”的本懷。

2019年1月3日 星期四

18:20 郁翔⚓ 11不良的施工可能會降低混凝土之強度,小心翼翼地做好每個步驟才能做出品質良好的混凝土,一點也不能馬虎,當看到成品時滿滿的成就感,付出的努力完全沒有辜負期待
18:22 郁翔⚓ 1 做了迷你坍,度試驗後大概知道步驟,等到作正常比例的坍度試驗比較熟悉不會慌張,是一個很好的練習
18:26 郁翔⚓ 4 高中時以理論派為主,直到上大學才開始接觸真正的材料試驗,發現一切不是像課本說的那麼簡單,需要經過長時間等待,耐心的監督才有辦法完成好的成品
18:26 郁翔⚓ B10733066 黃郁翔
鋼筋抗拉強度是來屏科才有的特別實驗,沒有做過這個實驗我想我永遠都不會知道,老師所說的在鋼筋混凝土鋼筋扮演的抗拉角色有多麼的重要。
混凝土抗彎的試驗比其他的試驗都要複雜的多,要做出試體還要用抗彎機測試他的抗彎強度,要不是有我們組長的努力我們一定做不好的。
粗細骨材的篩分析,我在高中的時候就有做過了,但是用的器材不太一樣,屏科的器材聲音超大聲的,真的有嚇到還以為他要壞掉了呢

2019年1月2日 星期三

#include "NXTMMX-lib.nxc"
#define SensorPort S3
int Addr = 6;
task LowerFork();
task LiftFork();
task main()
{
 SetSensorTouch(IN_1);
 SetSensorTouch(IN_2);
 SetSensorLowspeed(IN_3);
 SetSensorTouch(IN_4);
 MMX_Init( SensorPort, Addr, 0 );
 NumOut(0,LCD_LINE1,Sensor(IN_1));
 NumOut(0,LCD_LINE2,Sensor(IN_2));
 NumOut(0,LCD_LINE3,SensorUS(IN_3));
 NumOut(0,LCD_LINE4,Sensor(IN_4));
 Precedes(LiftFork);
 PlayTone(TONE_C4, MS_500);

 MMX_Run_Unlimited(SensorPort, Addr, MMX_Motor_Both, MMX_Direction_Forward, MMX_Speed_Full);
 RotateMotorEx(OUT_AC, 100, 1114, 0, true, true);
 RotateMotorEx(OUT_AC, 100, 470, -100, true, true);
 RotateMotorEx(OUT_AC, 100, -1910, 0, true, true);
 RotateMotorEx(OUT_AC, 100, 470, 100, true, true);
 while (Sensor(IN_4)==0)
 {
  OnFwdSync(OUT_AC, -100, 0);
 }
 Wait(500);
 Off(OUT_AC);
 MMX_Run_Unlimited(SensorPort, Addr, MMX_Motor_Both, MMX_Direction_Reverse, MMX_Speed_Full);
 Wait(4000);
 Precedes(LowerFork);
 PlayTone(TONE_C5, MS_500);
}
task LowerFork()
{
  while (Sensor(IN_1)==0)
  {
  OnFwd(OUT_B, 100);
  }
  Off(OUT_B);
}
task LiftFork()
{
 RotateMotor(OUT_B, 100, -7200);
}